Directions (18-20) : Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions below it.

Clearly the socialization of gender is remain-forced at school. "Because classrooms are microcosms of society, mirroring its strengths and ills alike, it follows that the normal socialization pattern of young children that often lead to destorted perceptions of gender roles are reflected in the classrooms." (Marshall 1997). Yet gender bias in education reaches beyond socialization patterns, bais is embedded in text books, lession, and teacher interactions with students. This type of gender bias is part of the hidden curriculum of lessons taught implicitly to students through the everyday functioning of their classroom. Research has found that boys were far more likely to receive praise or remediation from a teacher than were girls. The girls were most likely to receive an acknowledgement response from their teacher. They give boys greater opportunity to expand ideas and be animated than they do girls and that they reinforce boys more for general responses that they do for girls. Clearly the socialization of gender roles and the use of a gender biased hidden curriculum lead to an inequitable education for boys and girls. Gender bias in education is an insidious problem that causes very few people to stand up an take notice.

Question-19 : A 'perception' referred to here is that :

Question - 1